AMNLegal

The global contest over artificial intelligence is often framed as a regulatory problem, but it is better understood as a contest over economic gravity, capital allocation, and institutional confidence, in which law functions less as a moral compass than as a force multiplier or a drag coefficient depending on how…

In Toronto Star Newspapers Limited v. OpenAI Inc., the Ontario Superior Court issued a jurisdiction decision that quietly sets up one of Canada’s most important AI–copyright cases. The Toronto Star and other media organizations allege that OpenAI copied and used their articles without permission to train its models. OpenAI attempted…

As organizations increasingly procure AI systems, from content generators to analytics engines to customer-facing tools, the most important part of the contract is not the pricing table or the service levels. It is the Data-Use and Liability Clause. The quiet centerpiece that determines who controls the information flowing into the…

One year after Moffatt v. Air Canada, 2024 BCCRT 149, the decision looks less like a narrow consumer dispute and more like an early marker of how Canadian law will treat agentic AI. The Tribunal’s conclusion that Air Canada was fully responsible for its chatbot’s assurances aligns with today’s reality…

IntroductionFinancial institutions are increasingly experimenting with agentic AI, autonomous artificial intelligence agents that can make decisions and take independent actions much like a human representative. Unlike traditional software or even generative AI , agentic AI systems can plan tasks and execute transactions or other operations with minimal human intervention. In…

The recent Quebec decision Specter Aviation Limited v. Laprade marks a watershed moment: for the first time in Québec, a litigant has been sanctioned for submitting pleadings tainted by “hallucinated” legal authorities generated by artificial intelligence.  What happened The defendant, a 74-year-old self-represented litigant, used generative AI tools to draft…

Artificial intelligence has begun reshaping how lawyers, companies, and even individuals prepare legal documents. But two recent Canadian decisions one from the Canada Industrial Relations Board (CIRB) and another from the Federal Court show that using AI tools without verification can have serious consequences. The First Warning: Choi (Re) (CIRB, July 2024)…

Section 17.1 of PIPEDA allows the Privacy Commissioner of Canada to resolve certain privacy-law issues through a compliance agreement instead of proceeding directly to court. This tool encourages cooperation and faster remediation of privacy problems within organizations. What Is a Compliance Agreement? A compliance agreement is a formal written commitment…

Governor Hochul has announced that New York State has put into effect a landmark law regulating “AI companion” systems, apps or bots designed to simulate human-like relationships with users.  What the law covers The law is part of the FY26 budget and is codified under General Business Law Article 47. …

In an era where artificial-intelligence and algorithmic tools are reinventing business models, the Canadian regulator has delivered a timely reminder: innovation does not exempt you from competition law. On 10 November 2025, the Competition Bureau concluded its civil investigation into the use of algorithmic pricing software in Canada’s multi-family rental…

Franchising lets a brand (the franchisor) license its system, IP, and know-how to an operator (the franchisee) for fees and ongoing royalties. In Ontario, the relationship is overlaid by the Arthur Wishart Act (Franchise Disclosure), 2000 (the “AWA”) and its General Regulation, O. Reg. 581/00. These rules are designed to…

As of October 1, 2025, the monetary limit for claims brought before the Ontario Small Claims Court will increase from $35,000 to $50,000. In addition, the appeal threshold — the minimum amount required to appeal a Small Claims Court decision to the Divisional Court — will rise from $3,500 to…